Running has always constituted one of mankind’s most quintessential athletic abilities. Before the advent of more advanced weaponry, the ability of an individual to chase down game and prey was singularly responsible for their success in survival.

The adaptations to muscles, tendons and bones that make such endurance running possible have been studied at length in the literature. Less consensus exists on specific biomechanical differences that may occur between running conditions: namely, between over-solid- ground running and treadmill running. While debate
continues over how similar these running conditions are, existing research agrees on the convenience of treadmill test protocols–especially the fact that slope and speed are easily manipulated.

Prior studies largely have investigated ankle inversion and eversion angles between conditions, but few compare mechanics through the lens of open-angle measurements in upper body extremities. The purpose of this study was to examine how specific components of body biomechanics change when an individual goes from running on solid ground to running on a treadmill at the same relative speed.